Probability is something which is considered a piece of cake by the students when they are initially introduced to the field. But as the classes progress it continues to gradually get more and more difficult and technical by time. It, becomes, from the most simple and easy to understand the concept to one of the most difficult and detailed concepts. It also has quite a lot of formulas and principles which scare away Class 12th CBSE students even more. Clarity of basic concepts is the most important aspect of the subject as the subject has the reputation of being too difficult to understand for the students. Simplest concepts require quite a lot of deep understanding as it will not make the Class 12th CBSE student get confused when they are applied in more complex and intricate ways. The subject of probability also plays a vital role in competitive exams such as JEE and JEE-MAINS and so many more. So, a Class 12th CBSE Student needs to understand the concepts of probability and score good marks accordingly.
The CBSE Class 12th Probability is divided into three sections:
Sample spaces, conditional probability and Bayes theorem
Probability distributions
Statistics based on Probability distributions.
To master all three sections a student must:
Do NCERT
The common misconception among Class 12th CBSE student is that NCERT Probability does not have any question and will eventually not come in the final CBSE Class 12th Board examination. On the contrary, NCERT questions which are in the book are a great stepping stone for a student and would help them to build a solid base for the subject. There is an abundance of questions which cover the basic concepts extensively and pretty efficiently. As already mentioned above, Probability is the subject based upon its basic concepts and the understanding of the same would make the future concepts easier to understand.
After NCERT, move on to Previous year question paper
Previous years’ question papers are arguably the most efficient way to prepare for CBSE Boards. It helps in a deeper understanding of the concepts and even fosters the habit of practicing extensively. It also has a more important advantage of helping the students understand their progress and work accordingly. The abundance of the more advanced level question provides a substantial amount of exposure the CBSE Class 12th student.
Make a systematic plan
Making a systematic plan for preparation. In the end, it depends upon the individual and what he/she considers as difficult and what to take up in the beginning and so on. But even then, keep this in mind, Probability is the type of subject which is based upon its basic concepts and in the end understanding of the same would assure success. Also, for Class 12th CBSE students, Master Probability trees, and after that learn how to convert probability trees into Bayes theorem answer notation. Every student needs to keep this in mind while making a plan. Make sure that there is enough time dedicated to practice and revision because, in the end, they will only matter.Read More
Each and every subject of Class 12 is very important ,but for medical students Biology is most important and crucial subject. Class 12 Biology is very vast and somehow hard to understand. So to get high marks in Boards , you need to have clear understanding of syllabus. If you want to be sure of covering all the topics , thorough study of syllabus is necessary. Syllabus of NEET is also same as CBSE Board Biology Syllabus , so you need to stick with syllabus.
Biology Syllabus :-
Unit I: Reproduction
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 7: Evolution
Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
Unit IV: Biotechnology and its Application
Chapter 11: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application
Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
Chapter 14: Ecosystem
Unit V: Ecology and Environment
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and its Conservation
Chapter 16: Environmental Issues
CLASS 12 BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
UNIT 1 :– Reproduction
Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for continuation of species; modes of reproduction – asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction – binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule formation, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants.
Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination – types, agencies and examples; outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilization; post fertilization events – development of endosperm and embryo, development of seed and formation of fruit; special modesapomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation.
Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; gametogenesis – spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation, embryo development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea); parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea).
Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
Need for reproductive health and prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birth control – need and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea for general awareness).
Unit 2 – Genetics And Evolution
Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation
Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incomplete dominance, co- dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes and genes; Sex determination – in humans, birds and honey bee; linkage and crossing over; sex linked inheritance – haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans -thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes.
Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; gene expression and regulation – lac operon; genome and human and rice genome projects; DNA fingerprinting.
Chapter 7: Evolution
Origin of life; biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidences); Darwin’s contribution, modern synthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution – variation (mutation and recombination) and natural selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy – Weinberg’s principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution
Unit 3 – Biology And Human Welfare
Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chickengunia, filariasis, ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basic concepts of immunology – vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence – drug and alcohol abuse.
Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancementin Food Production
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and Animal husbandry.
Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics; production and judicious use.
Unit 4 – Biotechnology And Its Application
Chapter 11: Biotechnology
Principles and processes Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology).
Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Application
Application of biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, stem cell technology, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms – Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues, bio piracy and patents.
Unit 5 – Ecology And Environment
Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche, population and ecological adaptations; population interactions – mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; population attributes – growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution.
Chapter 14: Ecosystem Ecosystems
Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; energy flow; pyramids of number, biomass, energy; nutrient cycles (carbon and phosphorous); ecological succession; ecological services – carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal, oxygen release (in brief).
Chapter 15: Biodiversity and its Conservation
Biodiversity-Concept, patterns, importance; loss of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation; hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites.
Chapter 16: Environmental Issues
Air pollution and its control; water pollution and its control; agro chemicals and their effects; solid waste management; radioactive waste management; greenhouse effect and climate change impact and mitigation; ozone layer depletion; deforestation; any one case study as success story addressing environmental issue(s).Read More
Class 12 CBSE Chemistry is a feared subject that requires a lot of memory power and theoretical “mugging up” in order to score high marks in the CBSE exams. This general notion brings down the confidence level in many students. But chemistry should be viewed as a subject which “throws away” marks to its students.
Chemistry is divided into three parts- Organic , Inorganic and Physical.
Organic Chemistry
A sure shot scoring area as the concepts revolve around specific rules.Hence it is necessary to study these rules and exceptions for certain reactions.
Inorganic Chemistry
Without a doubt , the NCERT material provided in Inorganic Chemistry for class 12 is the primer in the field. It is important to read through the entire chapters of Inorganic chemistry as the students are tested on his/her memory of certain reactions.
Physical Chemistry
The only way to score high in physical chemistry is practice as much as you can. You should be very clear with their formulas and should be able to apply them in any way possible.
Unit No.
Title
Marks
Unit I
Solutions
23
Unit II
Electrochemistry
Unit III
Chemical Kinetics
Unit IV
Surface Chemistry
Unit V
General Principles and processes of Isolation fo Elements
19
Unit VI
p- Block Elements
Unit VI
d and f-Block Elements
Unit VII
Coordination Compounds
Unit VIII
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
28
Unit IX
Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Unit X
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
Unit XI
Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
Unit XII
Biomolecules
Unit XIII
Polymers
Unit XIV
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Total
70
Unit I: Solutions (10 Periods)
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Van’t Hoff factor.
Unit II: Electrochemistry (12 Periods)
Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and law of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells, corrosion.
Unit III: Chemical Kinetics (10 Periods)
Rate of a reaction (Average and instantaneous), factors affecting rate of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first order reactions), concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation energy, Arrhenius equation.
Unit IV: Surface Chemistry (08 Periods)
Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, catalysis, homogeneous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspension; lyophilic, lyophobic multi-molecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation, emulsion – types of emulsions.
Unit V: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (08 Periods)
Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction – electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron
Unit VI: p -Block Elements (14 Periods)
Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses, classification of Oxides, Ozone, Sulfur – allotropic forms; compounds of Sulphur: Preparation Properties and uses of Sulphur-dioxide, Sulfuric Acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; Oxoacids of Sulphur (Structures only).
Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens, Preparation, properties and uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, Oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit VII: ‘d’ and ‘f’ Block Elements (12 Periods)
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation, preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences. Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthanoids.
Unit VIII: Coordination Compounds (12 Periods)
Coordination compounds – Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding, Werner’s theory, VBT, and CFT; structure and stereoisomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative inclusion, extraction of metals and biological system).
Unit IX: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (12 Periods)
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (Directive influence of halogen in monosubstituted compounds only). Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.
Unit X: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (12 Periods)
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only), identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration, uses with special reference to methanol and ethanol. Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.
Unit XI: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (14 Periods)
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes, uses. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.
Unit XII: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen (12 Periods)
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in text. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry
Unit XIII: Biomolecules (12 Periods)
Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D-L configuration oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates. Proteins -Elementary idea of – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, structure of proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary structure and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones – Elementary idea excluding structure. Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
Unit XIV: Polymers (06 Periods)
Co polymerization, some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.
Unit XV: Chemistry in Everyday life (06 Periods)
Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquillizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants. Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action.Read More
For some students mathematics is the nightmare, and on the other hand , for some students mathematics is their favorite subject. So it is a very unpredictable subject for student but it is one of those subjects where you can surely score high if given the proper preparation pattern and time. To score high in mathematics , all you need to do is thorough study of syllabus and practice the problems as much as possible.
Over the past 3-4 years, CBSE has moved from giving the standard NCERT questions to questions that are application based . This has made the paper quit difficult to score if one expects only the NCERT type questions to come in the exam.
One Paper Max Marks: 80
No.
Units
Marks
I.
Relations and Functions
08
II.
Algebra
10
III.
Calculus
35
IV.
Vectors and Three – Dimensional Geometry
14
V.
Linear Programming
05
VI.
Probability
08
Total
80
Internal Assessment
20
Unit-I: Relations and Functions
Relations and Functions 15 Periods Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one andonto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 15 Periods Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.
Unit-II: Algebra
Matrices 25 Periods Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non- commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).
Determinants 25 Periods Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
Unit-III: Calculus
Continuity and Differentiability 20 Periods Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretation.
Applications of Derivatives 10 Periods Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals , use of derivatives in approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).
Integrals 20 Periods Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof).Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.
Applications of the Integrals 15 Periods Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), Area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).
Differential Equations 15 Periods Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: dydx+py=qdydx+py=q, where p and q are functions of x or constants. dxdy+px=qdxdy+px=q, where p and q are functions of y or constants.
Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry
Vectors 15 Periods Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product of vectors. Three – dimensional Geometry 15 Periods Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
two lines,
two planes,
a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plan
Unit-V: Linear Programming
Linear Programming 20 Periods Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).
Unit-VI: Probability
Probability 30 Periods Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of random variable.Read More
Physics is most important and tricky subject of all subjects. Physics has three main parts- Theory, Visualization and Derivations. If you become master in these three parts then you will definitely score high marks in your 12th Boards. Understanding theory through visualization is important to understand the concepts behind formulas, which is going to be used in derivations. Class 12 physics syllabus is very vast, so cover all the syllabus on time, you should have clear understanding of syllabus to make proper strategy.
PHYSICS SYLLABUS :-
Unit–I
Electrostatics
Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields
Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential andCapacitance
Unit-II
Current Electricity
Chapter–3: Current Electricity
Unit-III
Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter
Unit-IV
Electromagnetic Induction and AlternatingCurrents
Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter–7: Alternating Current
Unit–V
Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves
Unit–VI
Optics
Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Chapter–10: Wave Optics
Unit–VII
Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation andMatter
Unit–VIII
Atoms and Nuclei
Chapter–12: Atoms
Chapter–13: Nuclei
Unit–IX
Electronic Devices
Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics:Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Unit I: Electrostatics
Chapter–1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces ion. between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribut
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric fleld.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
Chapter–2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor.
Unit II: Current Electricity
Chapter–3: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance
The internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer – principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
Chapter–4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment), force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Chapter–5: Magnetism and Matter
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.
Para-, dia- and ferro – magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths, permanent magnets.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Chapter–6: Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.
Chapter–7: Alternating Current
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, power factor, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves
Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). Electromagnetic spectrum(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics
Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism. Scattering of light – blue colour of sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Chapter–10: Wave Optics
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum, resolving power of microscope and astronomical telescope, polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
Chapter–12: Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
Chapter–13: Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus, Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear fusion.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices
Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only). Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics, zener diode as a voltage regulator.Read More
Math is arguably the most difficult subject for a Class 10th CBSE student. Due to its formulas and chapters which require quite a lot of practice to hone, many Class 10th students find it hard to score well in their Class 10th CBSE Math board examination. It is also one the most important subject which helps the students to opt for Math in their Class 12th and Class 11th studies. Math helps the students to build analytical skills and improve their concentration. While NCERT is prescribed by CBSE, many students find it too easy which does not match the level of questions which come in the CBSE Class 10th Math board examination. The NCERT book does not go into detail of certain concepts and it doesn’t have enough questions which would help students to score better in their Class 10th CBSE boards. However, a student should not underestimate the value of certain questions in the NCERT book. Like the Miscellaneous Questions which are more difficult than the questions given in the chapter and provide a good mix of all the concepts in the chapter. It helps the CBSE Class 10th student to check his/her progress and practice according. Also, many of the previous year question papers contain questions from the same. Students often find it hard sticking only to NCERT because of all the reasons given above. Choosing a good reference which would help the CBSE Class 10th Student and even match their preferences. Given below are two different CBSE Class 10th Math reference books which would suit different type of students:
R.S. Aggarwal
Being one of the most popular books for CBSE Class 10th Math, R.S. Aggarwal would suit any type of student the same but it is recommended to the students who are aiming for good to average marks. Sticking to R S Aggarwal only is also advisable as most of the questions which come in the CBSE Class 10th Board examinations are found in the book. The book is small and slightly thicker than the NCERT book, which does not intimidate the CBSE Class 10th Student like R D Sharma does. The book contains the concise amount of exercises and the level of difficulty rises gradually which makes it easier for the CBSE Class 10th Student to understand the topics better and in process, streamlines the process of learning.
R D Sharma
R D Sharma is also a very popular book among CBSE Class 10th Students. It is a really big and thick book which is very elaborate when it comes to concepts and exercises. It has an abundance of questions and would give students a pretty good idea about what is to come in Class 11th and 12th. CBSE Class 10th Students looking for scoring really good marks should stick to R D Sharma and R D Sharma only as it is by far unmatched by any other book when it comes to the number of questions and even the variety of questions. The book’s difficulty level rises gradually and it’s pretty expansive about every topic. Students looking to opt Math for their Class 11th and 12th should stick to R D Sharma.Read More
Exams plays an important phase in our life. As we grow up, we face different examinations at different levels of our qualifications. Some are easy, some are tough. And the CBSE exams of class 10 and class 12 are only the starting phase of their life. Just remain calm and understand the following tips so that you (the candidate) can score a good percentage in their 2020 exam:
Take small, frequent study breaks: Continually studying for long hours can make your mind and body stressed and fatigued which ultimately infuses fearful thoughts into your brain. Your brain will not be able to grasp any new information and this will add to your exam phobia. So, break out your study schedule to break the monotony and do some mind refreshing and recreational activities like singing, watching your favorite T.V. series, chatting with your friends, playing games, having snacks, etc. This way your mind will get refreshed and recharged and becomes ready to absorb in more stuff.
Make an organized study schedule: Keep your brain aware of your daily routine so that it is always prepared to take the next action and has no time to think of the fearful sight of the exam. A good study schedule is enough to make you well prepared for the exams. You must list what you need to revise for each subject and then divide that by the number of days you have left before the exam date. Moreover, make a timetable for revision-which you can manage to achieve. If you have worked hard and are all set to take the exam then there’s no reason for you to be afraid of the coming challenge.
Sleep well and at fixed times: There are many important benefits of getting a good night’s sleep. After working quite hard for the whole day, our brain like other body parts gets tired and loses its efficiency to work anymore. A good and sound night sleep provides your mind and body with a power boost. It gives a fresh start to the next day. Moreover, sleep is a key component of your mental well-being. It enhances your cognitive abilities. It helps you focus and think more creatively. When you are well-rested, you tend to feel happier and more optimistic. Sleep helps reduce feelings of frustration, anxiety, and depression. Thus, for a student, proper sleep can come out to be a success secret.
Exercise for thirty minutes daily:Light exercises remove mental stress and increase their ability to focus and learn. Meditation can be one such exercise that teaches us how to transform negative thoughts into positive ones
Also, deep breathing exercises at the start and end of each session will also rejuvenate your energy levels. Laughter is again considered the best medicine to shed away the stress. Brisk walking, swimming, and dancing are all excellent exercises to adopt a stress-less and fearless mind. And most importantly, please remain positive even if you are an average student
Exams plays an important phase in our life. As we grow up, we face different examinations at different levels of our qualifications. Some are easy, some are tough. And the CBSE exams of class 10 and class 12 are only the starting phase of their life. Just remain calm and understand the following tips so that you (the candidate) can score a good percentage in their 2020 exam:
Take small, frequent study breaks: Continually studying for long hours can make your mind and body stressed and fatigued which ultimately infuses fearful thoughts into your brain. Your brain will not be able to grasp any new information and this will add to your exam phobia. So, break out your study schedule to break the monotony and do some mind refreshing and recreational activities like singing, watching your favorite T.V. series, chatting with your friends, playing games, having snacks, etc. This way your mind will get refreshed and recharged and becomes ready to absorb in more stuff.
Make an organized study schedule: Keep your brain aware of your daily routine so that it is always prepared to take the next action and has no time to think of the fearful sight of the exam. A good study schedule is enough to make you well prepared for the exams. You must list what you need to revise for each subject and then divide that by the number of days you have left before the exam date. Moreover, make a timetable for revision-which you can manage to achieve. If you have worked hard and are all set to take the exam then there’s no reason for you to be afraid of the coming challenge.
Sleep well and at fixed times: There are many important benefits of getting a good night’s sleep. After working quite hard for the whole day, our brain like other body parts gets tired and loses its efficiency to work anymore. A good and sound night sleep provides your mind and body with a power boost. It gives a fresh start to the next day. Moreover, sleep is a key component of your mental well-being. It enhances your cognitive abilities. It helps you focus and think more creatively. When you are well-rested, you tend to feel happier and more optimistic. Sleep helps reduce feelings of frustration, anxiety, and depression. Thus, for a student, proper sleep can come out to be a success secret.
Exercise for thirty minutes daily:Light exercises remove mental stress and increase their ability to focus and learn. Meditation can be one such exercise that teaches us how to transform negative thoughts into positive ones
Also, deep breathing exercises at the start and end of each session will also rejuvenate your energy levels. Laughter is again considered the best medicine to shed away the stress. Brisk walking, swimming, and dancing are all excellent exercises to adopt a stress-less and fearless mind. And most importantly, please remain positive even if you are an average student. Read More
Science is a subject which is considered a nightmare by many CBSE Class 10 students. Class 10 CBSE Students who aspire to take up Science as their stream in Class 11 and 12th need to work especially hard for this subject. Science in CBSE Class 10 is divided into three parts Biology, Physics and Chemistry. All three parts are subjectively difficult for students which depend upon their interests and preference. Some CBSE Class 10 students find Biology difficult because of the various diagrams and concepts and have a hard time grasping the same. Genetics formulas scare them away from the subject. Some, on the other hand, find Chemistry difficult because it includes concepts of various types of reactions and even the periodic table. There are so many concepts which are considered difficult by the students and teachers alike such as the Carbon Compounds. Physics is considered as another monster due to its inclusion of various laws and formulas. Students appearing for CBSE Class 10th board examinations find it hard to grasp all the formulas and even some fundamental concepts. CBSE Class 10th students appearing for the board exams and aspiring to score good marks should remember that it is not easy to score well but it is crucial to scoring well. Class 10th CBSE Science in its truest sense should lay the base for students who will be studying for their Class 11th and Class 12th. Also, the choice of the book matters a lot as many of the students find it hard to grasp all the concepts given in the NCERT books. Given below are the various books a student should consider before preparing for CBSE Class 10th Science board examination:
S. Chand Books by Mr and Mrs Lakhmir Singh
The best part about all the three S. Chand books i.e. Physics, Chemistry and Biology are that they help in doubt clarification and help the students to understand various topics more easily. On top of that, the text is organized in a very elaborate and good form which won’t give students anxiety of any kind. The language of the book is also easy to understand and the diagrams given in the books are also better than the ones given in NCERT. S. Chand for Biology is the best of the lot and many students prefer it over other books.
H.C. Verma (for Physics and Chemistry)
Like I mentioned in the paragraph above, different students find different parts of Class 10th CBSE Science difficult. For the students who find Physics and Chemistry difficult and are eager to look into what the course would be like for them in Class 11th and 12th should consider grabbing one of the H. C. Verma on the same subjects. These books will help the students to enhance his/her knowledge and understand the concepts more deeply. However, do not make these books your primary books of study as they have certain chapters which are in quite a lot of detail which doesn’t come in the board examination.Read More
Physics being a nightmare of a subject for students to prepare has a vast and expansive syllabus. Due to which students consider Physics especially difficult. Although, Physics isn’t that difficult it isn’t a piece of cake either. Students need to have knowledge of Class 12th CBSE Physics if they want to have a career in fields like engineering, architecture etc. The CBSE Class 12th Students aiming for cracking competitive exams like JEE or NEET should score good marks in Physics as it represents their knowledge of the subject. Physics contains most of all, derivations and formulas which make up for most of its difficult part. There is also an abundance of numerical which scare students off. However, knowing the syllabus can be a lot more advantageous for Class 12th CBSE students as it will help them to get an idea of the structure of the CBSE Class 12th Physics Board Examination and also help them to get a good grasp on the various topics of Class 12th CBSE Physics. Having good knowledge of Class 12th CBSE syllabus would also help a student to plan his/her studies and prepare a timetable accordingly. Students can benefit a lot from learning and understanding Physics because it helps in the development of observational, experimental and decision-making skills in students. Also, to appreciate the interface of Physics with surrounding is the principal objective of the subject in the CBSE curriculum. There are a lot of experiments, lab activities and practical activities to do. Given below is the breakdown and analysis of the CBSE Class 12th Physics syllabus:
Unit
Chapter / Topic
Marks
I
Electrostatics
15
Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields
Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
II
Current Electricity
Chapter-3: Current Electricity
III
Magnetic Effect of Current & Magnetism
16
Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter
IV
Electromagnetic Induction & Alternating Current
Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter-7: Alternating Current
V
Electromagnetic Waves
17
Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves
VI
Optics
Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Chapter-10: Wave Optics
VII
Dual Nature of Matter
10
Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
VIII
Atoms & Nuclei
Chapter-12: Atoms
Chapter-13: Nuclei
IX
Electronic Devices
12
Chapter-14: Semiconductor Electronics
X
Communication Systems
Chapter-15: Communication Systems
Total
70
As we can see from the table above, Unit V carries the most amount of marks as it is one of the most improved units of Physics. To score good marks in the Class 12th CBSE board exams. A student should pay special attention to Electromagnetic Waves to score good marks. Electricity and Magnetism are also one of the most important chapters and carry a lot of marks. However, to truly succeed in their board examinations a student should aim to balance out time give to each unit and work accordingly. One should not neglect the chapters carrying fewer marks and should give then equal importance. The unit which carries more marks is Unit III which is solely based upon magnetism. An understanding of the concepts is required to grasp the contents of the chapter.Read More
There we are having the most basic tips to follow up to be successful in the board exams which is always taken as critical exams for any student in his/her life. Tips to score highest marks will surely push your moral as well as the confidence to score maximum out off which you are desiring to score.
Top Tips to Score Highest Marks in CBSE Exam:
Be Positive:- During exam time this is an important feature to have in you for success & Crack your exams with glowing colors. It is for exams or interviews or for your Life.
Plan well your study time:- More time must be allowed to those topics which the candidate feels are not up to the mark. Such topics should be studied first during your exams high time preparation.
Night before the exam:- That time is very crucial for your exam because exam performance pretty much dependent upon that. You should not cram before the exams to follow or you should just take the review for each topic you feel important or less confident. Cramming too much before the exam will mix your topics and also make you feel low in confidence for the exams. Sleep as soon as possible to make your brain and body relax a bit and be well prepared for the exams.
Time Before the exam:- Never read anything or cram just before the exam time even if your friends ask you for the topic he misses or leaves during the preparation of exams. close your book 1 hour before the exam starts and feel relaxed and self-confident before the exam.
During Exam time:- Check out all your Pen, Pencil, Sketch Pens, rubber, sharper, each and everything whether it is small or big matters a lot during your exam time. Read all the instructions carefully before giving the exam and keep that in your mind during exam time.
Emphasis on Time management:- Attempt the toughest questions first. Time management is very much important during exams, you can write small questions even in the last 30 minutes.
Dealing with difficult questions:- A moment will come in your exam time when you feel stuck with some questions. just remain calm, don’t be panic and try to think that answer with a cool mind.
Answer sheet should be neat & clean:- Handwriting matters a lot for good or highest marks during your exam as your writing makes the 1st impression on the checkers’ mind and make your answer sheet more filled with glow and read for the examiner or checker of the answer sheet. Underline the lines you feel important and want to attract the examiner towards that so that he/she can be able to make a right mindset about your answer given and also rewards with the full or maximum marks.
After Completion Of exam paper:- After completing the answers, sit there and review each answer before submitting that to the invigilator also, look for the questions in which you stuck.
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